Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome, one of the leading causes of infertility among women, is a prevalent condition affecting women in Singapore. The ovaries are responsible for producing a small amount of the male hormone referred to as androgen; however, in some women, their ovaries produce an abnormally high amount of androgen. This leads to an imbalance of the reproductive hormones, which results in irregular or absent periods.

In women with PCOS, the imbalance of reproductive hormones disrupts ovulation, which is linked to the oft-seen multiple follicular cysts appearing on pelvic ultrasound scans. However, these small follicular cysts may not always be present in all women with PCOS.

Small follicular cysts may develop on the ovaries of some women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

What are the common causes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Singapore?

The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown. It is believed that PCOS occurs due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance is also common in PCOS, which can contribute to the overproduction of androgen.

If you have PCOS, your ovaries may not release eggs regularly, leading to irregular or absent periods. This can also affect fertility. Additionally, hormonal imbalances can cause symptoms such as acne, excess facial and body hair, and weight gain.

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Symptoms of PCOS include:

Irregular periods: prolonged, missed, or absent periods may indicate problems such as PCOS.
Acne: women with PCOS may experience acne on their face, back, and chest.
Obesity: PCOS and obesity are closely related, with research showing that approximately 38-88% of women with PCOS are obese.
Abnormal hair growth: the hormone androgen, which is over-produced in women with PCOS, is responsible for hair growth. Therefore, women with PCOS often experience abnormal hair growth on their arms, chest, and stomach.
Dark patches of skin: women with PCOS may have dark patches of skin (known as acanthosis nigricans) in the folds of their body, such as the neck, between the groin, under the breasts, and armpits.
Infertility: PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility. The imbalance of hormones can make it difficult to get pregnant.

Women with PCOS often experience dark patches of skin in various parts of the body, such as the neck, armpits, and between the groin.

A transvaginal ultrasound can be used to diagnose PCOS.

Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) painful?

PCOS itself is not typically associated with pain. However, if PCOS leads to irregular or heavy periods, menstrual cramps can occur.

Who is at risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Singapore?

PCOS can affect women of reproductive age; however, several factors increase a woman’s risk of developing PCOS. These risk factors are:

Genetics: if you have a family member, such as a sister or mother, with PCOS, you are at an increased risk of developing it, too.
Obesity: studies have shown a close correlation between women who are obese and PCOS.
Insulin resistance: women with insulin resistance are at an increased risk of developing PCOS.

While these factors can contribute to an increased risk of developing PCOS, it is still a complex condition whose exact cause remains unknown.

How is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosed in Singapore?

Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed in the following ways:

Physical examination: after your medical history is obtained, a physical exam will be performed on your pelvis area to check for signs of abnormalities.
Blood test: blood samples will be taken to check your hormone levels.
Imaging tests: imaging tests such as an ultrasound will be conducted to check your ovaries for the presence of cysts.

If you are experiencing symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, or weight gain, contact us today for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

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